Issues of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Issues of Terrorism Essay The September 11 terrorist attack made a big impact around the world. It opened not only the eyes of the United States but also awakened fear from every peace loving country worldwide. The people behind this were the most feared terrorist group, the Al Qaeda. Masterminded by Osama Bin Laden, this network of extremists aims to remove the Americans and their influences among the Muslims and their nations, including pro-Western leaders and supporters. Bin Laden also dreams of unifying all Muslims, by any means necessary, under one Islamic nation (Laura Hayes, 2006). Another infamous terrorist organization is Al Jihad, also known as the Egyptian Islamic Jihad or EIJ. It is an Egyptian Islamic extremist group that collaborated with Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda in the mid 2001. It aimed to overthrow the Egyptian Government and have Islamic governance over the region. It also planned attacks on US and Israeli installments in Egypt and abroad (al-Jihad, 2001). Al Qaeda and al-Jihad share a common goal, along with other terrorist groups from other countries like. The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Abu Sayyaf Group and Jemaah Islamiya of South East Asia (al-Qaeda (a.k. a. al-Qaida, al-Qaida), 2004). That goal is to â€Å"free† the Muslim countries from Western Influence and establish an Islamic government of their own. Islamic countries which are influenced by the West are not safe. These terrorists would continue on coming up with plans to infiltrate and destroy the United States, along with Europe and other western countries (Utley, 2004). The possibility of getting attacked again by these terrorists is not far. As the victims tighten their defenses, these terrorists would also adopt new strategies on how they could carry on with their plans. . al-Jihad. (2001). from http://www. fas. org/irp/world/para/jihad. htm al-Qaeda (a. k. a. al-Qaida, al-Qaida). (2004, July 7, 2005). from http://www. cfr. org/publication/9126/ Laura Hayes, B. B. (2006). Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Ladens Network of Terror. from http://www. infoplease. com/spot/al-qaeda-terrorism. html Utley, J. B. (2004). Thoughts on Terrorist Targets Retrieved January 6, 2004, from http://antiwar. com/utley/? articleid=1900

Strengths Based Approaches for Case Management

Strengths Based Approaches for Case Management Harmandeep kaur Strength Based Model and Case Management Any hypotheses regarding support supply which emphasis on your specific skills as an alternative to some weakness. That product continues to be developed upon individual’s serious inner recourses in addition to talent. That product is actually extremely determined in addition to help others to identify their toughness in addition to were located appropriately. Throughout on-going therapy client participate within the actions of their retrieval which in turn pedals how in addition to pace regarding healing exertions. Your client along with the circumstance manager following finalizing this tactic upon client examine this development following talking about this achievements in addition to ups and downs. Every time a client is actually given refuge, the way it is manager carry on to supply assistance to fulfil this client’s wants. This may entail assisting the client locating expertise upon helpful or even work-related possibilities. Strength based model Talents centred train isn’t method of assistance that has a sturdy focus on the particular id of people’s capabilities. Interests as well as features as well as on the strengths as well as probable. Its a vital method of executing wants review as well as program coordination. Its a great empowering method of solutions that are fitted with in times past centred on deficits as well as issues within just people or perhaps persons desiring assistance. It prevents swearing, abusive as well as coarse terminology It focus adding wish in the persons into their people by concentrating precisely what continues to be productive as well as what will become. It focus on adding persons throughout esteem position based on his or her achievements as well as objectives. The â€Å"professional† member of staff is put in the role of companion as well as information. It tends to make persons positive as well as assist using constructive mind-set. People into their family’s effort are usually maximum so that it appears that theyre a vital portion not merely the particular standby. Communities are considered a vital supply somewhat which hampering. Working using strengths viewpoint calls for workers to be able to: To become devoted to admit to be able to power to learn develop as well as produce constructive change regarding on their own as well as their loved ones. Continues assist as well as accepting person. Mainly target â€Å"what’s strong†. Talents centered train can be consistent with the particular rights reasons discussed earlier. That may be, it can be features a focus on the particular equal rights of citizenship which disabled persons get. These kind of rights add the rights of usage of almost all assets alternatives as well as possibilities; the particular rights with the individuals to pick as well as immediate program supply to reinforce his or her existence; and also the right to try really hard to dwell as well as participate in identical towns while all others. Assessment: In order to assess the product emphasis should be offered in clients’ power and aptitudes. Therefore the involvement of the purchaser is critical. The actual clients need to overview their needs. Also as outlined by this simple fact, your product is quite versatile in order to men and women for the reason that multiplicity of the distinct situation. Then again yet again this type of product merely reassure your client to call home living since just what they desire and they also can certainly to ensure the infirmity section have been left which can be quite important within developing progress. Planning: In the analysis strategy must be produced depending on type strength it should stress upon clients aptitudes along with desires which client may stay their lifetime. Plus the strategy will be vary around period since over the treatment you along with the scenario boss ought to look at the modifications along with improvement which the client provides found and so the ambitions will be designed while using confidence along with the lifetime of accomplishment. Coordinating: Your energy primarily based models should excessive typical with the organising between client as well as the circumstance administrator. The situation administrator will to blame for your client skilled plans and also programs matching to the client’s issue it could possibly a lot of trusted while using the client’s thought processes and also specifications. Alternatively client need to be comprehending because supply as well as the effectiveness. In addition that the circumstance administrator must have a very frequent connection with your client and also willing to organize any deviations to be sure here is the plan can be completely right and also updated. Strengths and weaknesses of the strength based model: It truly is fully based on client wants in addition to abilities. Client should be encouraging in addition to sentimentally organized. Client should be self-assured. It is very virtuous towards the client’s emotional wellbeing. Furthermore, the particular client’s strengths tend to be effectively stored in addition to modern. ; however , yet again the particular feebleness associated with this type of style will also be easy to understand. It is because this type of style just issues concerning the energy so the weak point with the client may be unnoticed. Subsequently at numerous instances the particular weak point performs the particular focal a part of whether the treatments is effective or maybe low number of the particular feebleness can’t become created. Perspectives of the disability people: The actual energy based model is incredibly ideal for your weakened. To permit a client, your calculation have to be finished on the incapacitated different and therefore the realistic is designed will be created next to the evaluation and so successful approach will be decided out and about to control your aims and the prospect of the outcome may awareness be high. Detractors of the energy point of view advise that is in essence reframing troubles within the increased lighting. No one may grow whilst being persuaded that theyll fall. Summary of the expected outcomes for the disabled: For your power structured design, this anticipated outcomes can be which the emotionally and also in physical form wellbeing with the client can be helped and also numerous this laid in place can certainly cooperative very well for the modern society such as the normal individuals without having considerably emotional challenges. Throughout working out, your client might improvement certain gains with a dangerous and also gain a few conclusion very well compared to normal person. However incapacitated piece can’t end up being innovative. Case management Model Any co-operative lifetime of evaluation, setting up, getting rid of along with advocacy with regard to alternatives along with features which is function to encounter a individual’s holistic needs by means of communication along with accessible sources for you to inspire excellence cost-effective outcomes. Event Administration have been utilized to numerous worries with local community maintain this outdated, along with individuals with infirmity along with psychological health issues; vital wellbeing setting; personal injury managing along with insurance coverage affiliated areas; correctional companies; court docket devices; from the managing of long-lasting wellbeing predicaments; little one along with junior welfare; in danger populations in educational institutions; managed proper care along with occupation courses. The situation managing product requires this company provide a range of companies good inclusive evaluation that is utilized to development in instances or ev en ability tactic. The tactic is made in effort with the client along with displays their particular alternatives along with preferences. Event Managers give you the setting up along with skilled triumphs which gush from your specific setting, system along with client populace. But it surely is usually usual to name the following practice while central for you to Event Administration: testing, assessment/risk managing, proper care setting up, applying services design, monitoring/evaluation along with advocacy. Event managing comes from the us along with British mostly, along with had been a favorite services procedure for needs evaluation along with services coordination in wellbeing, thought health insurance and handicap companies from the later phases with the last hundred years. Its a matched tactic on behalf of individuals to aid these individuals to get the companies they want, whenever they have to have these individuals, along with provided they want these individuals. Some capabilities of scenario managing incorporate: Client recognition. Outreach. Service evaluation. Planning along with overseeing. Linking, referring or even brokering access to necessary companies. Advocating with regard to necessary companies for an specific. The supply of assistance for you to families along with significant others from the person’s atmosphere. Assistance in having a societal assistance system. The harder strenuous scenario managing products likewise incorporate this training along with teaching of societal expertise plus the managing of medicine, symptoms or even some other impairments. Combined with the benefits type of scenario managing, there are various of some other unique scenario managing products acknowledged by means of Solomon (1992), particularly: Rehabilitation product. Brokerage product. Clinical scenario managing. Assessment: However the scenario management type is usually a little similar towards strength primarily based products because they the two veneration this needs from the clients. Though the scenario management type increased exposure of this distractions from the client along with reassure those to exist on marketplace analysis successes so that the notion of coping with is usually gained through the entire community stage. As a result this particular type can also be while using client’s aptitudes in certain things and will preserve this client’s preceding life-style along with a energetic body-mind just as much as they can. But you will have many doable obstacles hid driving such as lowering from the client’s well-being circumstance or this undesirable weather conditions. Thus you will have many tentative conditions and so the reaching of company targets need a very long time along with patience. Planning: When comparing while using the strength based model, the truth administration model program is actually relatively set for the reason that client’s diversions and predilection are usually frequent. Depending on this particular a good expression program is actually exercised as well as the program are going to be hardly ever changed. Though the program seriously isnt quite detail due to the fact it’s only the optionally available positioning. Coordinating: The case management needs coordination between the exercise sponsor along with the client along with the relationships in between various client who take part in the particular undertakings. And also the sponsor also has to strategic the particular clients’ real understanding and other component much like the overall economy along with the climate etc ensure the particular design is manufactured in advance. Strengths and weaknesses of the case management model: Like the strength structured design, the situation administration design is usually very easy for being carried out given it is dependant on the actual precedence with the client’s on the undertakings in line with their own interests. This particular design is useful for both the internal in addition to physical advancement with the clients. However the weak spot can be that it is all to easy to possibly be persuaded through the delay factors like the normal problems as well as the client’s well-being situation in addition to any private things of each and every element. Also this specific design can’t possibly be up to date with the period going on combined with ageing as well as the decline with the client’s well-being. As a result right at the end, the client may perhaps dont have a skills to consider element or maybe the actual quality with the contribution will be lower. Perspectives of the disability people: The case management style will be carefully used in our life in addition to it’s an easy task to always be completed. This standpoint will be that style will probably be continuingly development in addition to boosted in the practice in general. Its going to play a respected position from the regaining as well as dealing with the particular infirmity issues. This achievable abilities in addition to hobbies will probably be discovered in the treatment from the handling therefore it will have any beneficial forthcoming with this style. Summary of the expected outcomes for the disabled: For your circumstance administration product, the client’s life is actually achieved as well as useful than before. Likewise this is very great for the emotional development much like the power primarily based product. And also will probably be a major participation towards the preparing of the products of the actual treatment method. However this product isnt great for acquiring a work for your client as well as you can easily help to make the client rely on people. Comparisons of the two models The energy structured model highlighting largely upon rising and invention your client’s strengths and skills and generates a technique according to this particular. Even so the case management model is a bit just like energy structured designs as they both equally take care your needs on the client. However the case management model related on the diversions on the client and assist them to sign up for general events so the purpose of cure will be finished through the local community occasion. Comparing while using energy structured model, the situation management model prepare is reasonably predetermined because the client’s hobbies and alternatives usually are continuous however the energy structured model is extremely versatile and maintain changing while using client’s predicament. The 2 designs also provide big difference while using managing element. The energy structured designs have to a higher level of managing between client as well as the case managem ent however the situation management model would like a superb partnership between pastime manager as well as the management and also the network amongst client. If your client have psychological goals we propose that they will simply select the energy structured model if the client contains the needs regarding actually need subsequently we’d better make use of the case management model for them. REFERENCES : Alliance for Children and Youth (2009) Strength-Based Approaches. Retrieved from: http://www.acywr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/SBA-Backgrounder.pdf Human Services (2002) A Strength-Based Approach to Working with Youth and Families: A Review of Research retrieved from: http://humanservices.ucdavis.edu/academy/pdf/strength_based.pdf The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Training Program (2007) Charting the Course Towards permanency for Children in Pennsylvania: An Administrators Overview retrieved from: http://www.pacwcbt.pitt.edu/curriculum/CTCFrAdmnstrtrs/Hndts/HO8_StrngthsBsdSltnFcsdApprch.pdf Human Services (2002) A Strength-Based Approach to Working with Youth and Families: A Review of Research retrieved from: http://humanservices.ucdavis.edu/academy/pdf/strength_based.pdf Harmandeep kaur

Charlotte Temple Essay :: essays research papers

The Tabloid of the Century (1800’s -1900’s) The general reason I think Charlotte Temple stayed on the best seller list for so many years is because the subjects that were discussed in the book were taboo in that day and time. Montraville was a soldier in the army who was about twenty three years old, and Charlotte was only fifteen. He was much older than Charlotte. Montraville influenced her in evil ways; he impressed her with his knowledge of love and the world by writing her a letter and giving it to her personally . Montraville knew this was forbidden but gave it to her anyway. " Tis a romantic attempt," said he,"and should I even succeed in seeing and conversing with her, it can be productive of no good: I must of necessity leave England in a few days and probably may never return; why then should I endeavor to engage the affections of this lovely girl, to leave her prey to a thousand inquietudes, of which at present she has no idea? I will return to Portsmouth and think no more about her"( Rowson 11 ). Montraville went against his judgment. He knew that her parents would be angry if they knew that their daughter was having a relationship with a man! He was supposed to be a responsible soldier: an honorable man that would not do this kind of thing! But he would continue to see her. He even paid her guardian so she would keep bringing her to see him. " He soon pund means to ingratiate himself with her companion, who was a French teacher at the school, and, at parting, slipped a letter he had written into Charlotte’s hand, and five guineas into that of Mademoiselle, who promised she would endeavor to bring her young charge into the field again the next evening" (Rowson 11). Montraville was influenced himself by Belcore who was evil. When Montraville and Charlotte would meet, he would bring Belcore along to entertain Charlotte’s guardian, La Rue. "...he had wisely brought Belcore with him to entertain Mademoiselle while he could have an uninterrupted conversation with Charlotte. ... Belcore... possessed a genteel fortune and had a liberal education; Dissipated, thoughtless, and capricious, he paid little regard to the moral duties, and less to religious ones: eager in the pursuit of pleasure, he minded not the miseries he inflicted on others, provided his own wishes, however extravagant, were gratified.

Comparing Edna Pontellier and Adele in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Enda and Adele in The Awakening In The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the setting is in the late 1800s on Grand Isle in Louisiana. The main character of the story is Edna Pontellier who is not a Creole. Other important characters are Adele Ratignolle, Mr. Ratgnolle, Robert Lebrun, and Leonce Pontellier who are all Creole's. In the Creole society the men are dominant. Seldom do the Creole's accept outsiders to their social circle, and women are expected to provide well-kept homes and have many children. Edna and Adele are friends who are very different because of their the way they were brought up and they way they treat their husbands. Adele is a loyal wife who always obeys her husband's commands. Edna is a woman who strays from her husband and does not obey her husband's commands. Kate Chopin uses Adele to emphasize the differences between her and Edna. Edna Pontellier is not a Creole, so her relationship with her husband is difficult. In her husband's eyes she has failed in her duties as a wife and as a mother to her own children. What Enda's husband expects from her is never what she does. Leonce comes home in the middle of the night and talks to Edna while she is sleeping. Then he tells her that Raoul one of their sons is sick and tells her to get up and check on him. Edna had never really had the desire to have children but she did anyway. She was not a "mother-woman" because she would rather be alone sometimes; she did not feel she had to be with her children twenty-four hours a day. If one Edna's boys "....took a tumble whilst at play, he would not apt rush crying to his mother's arms for comfort; he would more likely pick himself up"(16). Enda never felt that she fit in with Creole society because she "...most forcibly was their entire absence of prudery"(19). The Creoles' would talk about things such as childbirth and would flirt with others and not mean anything. Yet Edna would never dream of talking about her childbirth's with anyone or flirting unless she meant it. Creole women devoted their whole lives to their husbands where Enda was carefree and did as she pleased. She was carefree because she would go out onto the beach with only a sundress and a little hat on when she was suppose to be all covered up so she would not become sun burnt.

beer :: essays research papers

Imagine that you are sitting on your front porch on a sunny summer afternoon and you ask for a nice cold beer. Then out of the blue your friend rifles a nice big keg of beer at you, which in turn knocks you backward off of the porch. Here’s another image to contemplate. A man tries to force a refrigerator door shut. When he finally thinks he has it shut, the door busts off the hinges and a beer keg rolls out. These two ads for Heineken beer in the new keg cans. These ads end with the catchy phrase the keg can can go where regular kegs cannot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you first see an ad like this many questions come to mind : first, where are they going with a campaign like this; second, why would Heineken make cans in a shape of a keg, and why would an ad like this entice me to drink Heineken? To most people this add stirs the mind to wonder why Heineken would make keg cans and these amusing commercials to promote them. The commercials carry the humor for the pure fact to catch the attention of the viewer and make them wonder, â€Å"What if a beer out of a keg can tastes like beer out of a keg?† This is one of the fifteen appeals of advertising, the need to satisfy curiosity. Since this is a new type of container for beer its is an unknown commodity to the viewer. Heineken is also an imported beer which is not consumed by most average Americans, which also adds to the curiosity of the ad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another of these appeals which the ad goes to is the need for prominence. Since Heineken is an expensive imported beer. The manufacturers of Heineken most likely think an ad which shows people drinking or around Heineken shows that they hold a higher social stature. Companies make you think if you spend the money you will have the fame and fun. Also these commercials have another of the appeals. The need for affiliation. Now this may not jump out in the ad. It just seems as if it is an idea used by the company very discreetly. Heineken seems to say that if you buy the keg cans you wont be one of the people who try to take kegs with them everywhere. You will be one of the people who have the portable kegs , the ones in a can , and fit in with the â€Å"Heineken† crowd.

Criminology Essay Essay

Within the past decade, a new school of criminology has come into being. I use the term â€Å"school† here in its somewhat figurative sense, to refer to a group of people held together by certain shared beliefs, teachings, and opinions; that is, I use it in the same sense as it was used of the Italian â€Å"positivist†school of criminology of a century ago. Within its brief life, this new school has been referred to in a variety of ways. It has been said to propound a â€Å"new† criminology; a â€Å"radical† criminology; and a â€Å"critical† criminology. For a variety of reasons, however, none of these terms seems to me to be particularly satisfactory. For one thing, there is nothing very new about the ideas which this school espouses; nor do they have a monopoly on radical or critical views-always assuming, of course, that the terms â€Å"radical† and â€Å"critical† have any meaning left at all, in political and social discourse. For another thing, claims to novelty, in criminology as elsewhere, are bound by nature to be pretty transient things: somebody, someday, is going to come along with a newer criminology, a still newer criminology, a newest criminology, and so on.’ But the basic objection to all three terms is that they do little to clarify the character of the criminological views of the school in question: for the most part, the members of that school are (or at least claim to be) marxists. The term â€Å"marxist†is itself not free from ambiguity, of course. Among those who are called (or call themselves) by that name, there are many theoretical and doctrinal differences: there are also crypto-marxists, neo-marxists, and (for all I know) quasimarxists, as well as Maoists, Leninists, Trotskyites, Stalinists and so on. All too often, there is only the most tenuous relation between the views of these groups and the political and social theories of Marx himself; and as is well known those theories them1 This has already happened. Professor James Q. Wilson, in his introduction to Thomas Reppetto’s (1974) book Residential Crime writes that â€Å"there is slowly arising a ‘new criminology’ to supplant traditional criminology.† Wilson tells us that this new criminology â€Å"considers crime from the point of view of the victim, treats particularkinds of offenses (e.g. residential burglaries,stranger-to-stranger assaults), and considers explicitly the effectiveness of alternative preventive strategies.† He adds that Reppetto’s book â€Å"is a good example of the new criminology.† In fact, about all that Reppetto’s book shares with Taylor, Walton, and Young’s book The New Criminology is that both books are printed on paper. This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 06:31:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A Critique Marxist of Criminology selves underwent several changes during and after Marx’s life. Nonetheless, it seems appropriateto refer to the school of criminology discussed in this paper as marxist-or as marxisant,to use Douglas Hay’s felicitous term (Hay 1975a, p. 61). Several of the leading members of this school now call themselves marxists, though they did not all do so originally; and many of the main theories and concepts which they employ in their attempts to explain crime and societal reaction to crime are undoubtedly ones which are commonly imputed to Marx. (In particular,they place great emphasis on the social relations of production, and employ a concept of â€Å"class†based on those relations.) But given the considerable doubt which still surroundsat least some of the writings of Marx and Engels (see, e.g., Hirst 1975; Singer 1979), and some reservations (to be discussed further below) about the relations between those writings and the criminological writings with which I shall be concerned, it seems best not to assume a priori that those relations are necessarily very close; hence I shall write the word â€Å"marxist† with a small vm throughout, except where reference is to Marx himself. It is also important to note that I am not here concerned to question the cogency, coherence, or correctness of marxist social theories in general.2 Though undoubtedly important, such a task is far beyond the scope of this paper. My concern is rather with the application of those theories to criminological problems, including problems about the origins, nature, and enforcement of the criminal law. The school of criminology whose works I shall review may be marxist;but it is also a school of criminology, though not all of those whom I shall discuss describe themselves professionally as criminologists. Why are certain acts defined as criminal? Why nonetheless do certain people commit those acts? What is done to those people, and why? It is with questions of that kind that we (and the marxist school of criminology) are concerned. 2 Or in particular, e.g., the â€Å"theory of surplus value,† according to which capitalistsexploit labor by extracting surplus value from their work in the form of profits-a theory first expounded by Marx in 1865 (Marx and Engels 1968). I cannot see any conditions under which this â€Å"theory† might turn out to be false; in any case, it appears to entail little by way of predictions about crime. This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 06:31:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The purpose of this essay, then, is to analyze the criminological theories and claims of a group of writers, most of whom are marxistsor approach the study of crime from a marxist perspective. I begin by describing the intellectual origins of the new marxist school. I describe the central tenets which most members of this group appearto hold. I then describe some empiricalwork done by these criminologists, and related work done by historians, sociologists and other scholars, which has many affinities with marxist criminology. I offer a brief critique of some of the views of this school, and conclude with a provisional assessmentof the impact which marxist criminology has had to date. A caveat is in order at the outset. I think it is illuminating to compare the contemporary marxist school of criminology with the Scuola Positiva which revolutionized criminology a century ago. But the analogy may be unfair and misleadingif it is pressed too far. Contemporary marxist criminologists do not refer to themselves as a â€Å"school,† so far as I know; and they are by no means as self-consciously united in opinion as were Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo.3 On the contrary, they differ among themselves on a number of points, and they may well regard some of those differences as important. I shall try to document some of this diversity of opinion, even though it is mainly with areas of agreement that I shall be concerned; and wherever possible I shall cite chapter and verse from specific writers for specific views. Those views should not necessarily be imputed to anyone else. I. Origins of the Marxist School of Criminology In order fully to appreciate a body of social or philosophical theory, it is often helpful to begin by considering its intellectual history and the circumstances in which it arose. This is clearly so in the case of recent marxist criminology. Thus, if one were to choose a single book by which to date the birth of the contemporary marxist school, that book would undoubtedly be The New Criminology, by Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young, 3 There were, of course, important differences of opinion between Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo. For a discussionsee Mannheim (1960), especially pp. 23-29. This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 06:31:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Contemporary Issues in Hospitality & Tourism Essay

Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively become known as a germane issue in the corporate world for the past decade. Making the world a better place, socially and environmentally, is a global accepted phenomenon. According to Porter & Kramer, 2006, â€Å"corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country.† The objective of this review is to discuss benefits of CSR on the hotel industry. What is CSR? Corporate social responsibility involves the ethical and non-commercial responsibilities of businesses as they relate to society in general. It is based, on a triple bottom-line approach for companies — people (society), planet (environment) and economic (profit) (Gard McGehee, Wattanakamolchai, Perdue, Onat Calvert, 2009; Kuriakose, 2007; Clark, 2006). Smith posited that CSR implies the need for businesses to contribute to the communities and markets that have made them successful (cited in Gard McGehee et al, 2009, p.417); consequently, companies must consider the wellbeing of society in addition to their concerns for owners, investors and any shareholders. According to Holcomb, Upchurch and Okumus (2007), the value of CSR is in achieving corporate sustainability in order to create long-term shareholder value. This involves exploiting the market’s potential for sustainable product and services, while successfully reducing and avoiding associated cost and risk. The Gap – The Negative Impact of Not Engaging in CSR Porter & Kramer (2006) posit that, â€Å"Frequently, though, CSR efforts are counterproductive, for two reasons. First, they pit business against society, when in reality the two are interdependent. Second, they pressure companies to think of corporate social responsibility in generic ways instead of in the way most appropriate to their individual strategies.† This leads to a three-fold impact on companies not engaging in CSR– bad reputation, lower profits and customer cynicism. Examples of CSR in Hotels The idea of CSR has gained traction within the hospitality industry. Consequently, many hospitality businesses, including Sandals and Starwood Hotels, are developing CSR programs and strategies in an attempt to boost customer loyalty, conserve environments, reduce social problems and contribute to the development of communities. Several initiatives include the adoption of linen exchange programs, the use of environmentally friendly cleaning agents and energy conservation through the installation of energy saving devices (White, 2006). An example is the new eco-friendly Element Starwood Hotels and Resorts that contributes to sustainability through the implementation of the 3Rs practice of reduce, reuse and recycle. The Benefits of CSR to Hotels Companies that practice CSR achieve better reputation, improved brand image, increases in sales, more visible to investors, and increases in customer loyalty. It can also lead to enhanced public relations and benefits. For example, due to LaRosa’s Pizzeria’s contribution to community growth and development, two hundred volunteers, who had benefited from LaRosa’s generosity over the years, came to the aid of LaRosa’s Pizzeria after a fire. The volunteers made up for the short fall that resulted from inadequate insurance, with work and loans and saved the pizzeria from bankruptcy (Detwiler cited in Lynn, 2009 p. 2). Thus, companies deemed good corporate citizen are attractive to new customers and workers, and assist in raising staff morale, and have lower operating expenses. A recent study by a University of Chicago professor published in Management Accounting revealed that companies that are perceived by the public to demonstrate more socially responsible business practices and ethics are likely to perform financially better than those who do not. In 1995, a study conducted by Vanderbilt University found that eight of ten cases of low-polluting companies financially outperformed their dirtier competitors (Brands that do good, 2003; Act responsibly, 2004; Clark, 2006). As such, consumers prefer to do business with companies that have good CSR reputations Recommendation for CSR in Hotels In making decisions, management, should consider environmental outcomes, which limit and/or reduce the impact of operations on the natural environment. Hotel’s management need to implement responsible measures because of high cost associated with electricity consumption for heating/cooling, lighting, cooking, etc., which levies pressure on local resource and increase costs. Thus, the impact on the total cost consumption of a hotel from energy conservation measures is strong and more direct (Kasim, 2006). Consumers are progressively more concerned with how companies make their money and are expecting businesses to engage in responsible activities that will limit, as well as lessen their social, ethical, and environmental impacts on society and the community. White, (2006) cautions that, â€Å"that travel-savvy consumers are more environmentally aware and that having environmental and social programmes in place are a consideration in selecting accommodation.† Furthermore, any CSR program must involve the employees in order to achieve success. White (2006) also points out that, â€Å"It’s not enough for senior management to devise new ways to engage customers, to make these programs work; they must involve employees at all levels. This means ensuring that everyone in the company is informed about CSR policies and practices and are involved in implementing them.† Conclusion Corporate social responsibility means different things to different people. The underlying themes regarding CRS are that it is good and necessary, activities within which businesses participate should not be viewed or undertaken lightly, but rather, serious consideration must be given to how best CSR should be implemented. To be effective and deemed as true corporate citizens, businesses should not only demonstrate CSR during times of economic well being and its practices, during such periods as the current recession, based on measures of adherence. According to Porter & Kramer (2006), if corporations were to analyze their opportunities for social responsibility using the same frameworks that guide their core business choices, they would discover that CSR can be much more than a cost, a constraint, or a charitable deed–it can be a potent source of innovation and competitive advantage.† If hospitality organizations adopt and integrate CSR into their organizational strateg ies, they can facilitate innovativeness, increase and/or improve their organizational competitiveness, while at the same time contributing to solving problems in society that may arise. References Allen, Robin Lee. â€Å"Act responsibly: corporate good deeds help communities and build long-term business. (NRN Editorial).† Nation’s Restaurant News. 2004. Retrieved September 22, 2009 from accessmy library: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286- 13321917_ITM Clark, S. (2006). Corporate social responsibility: A marketing tool for major hotel brands. 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School of Hotel and Restaurant Management Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Nicolau, J. L. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: Worth-Creating activities. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(4), 990-1006. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92, 163. White, Michelle.†Make sure that you deliver on green promises.† Caterer & Hotelkeeper. 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2009 from accessmylibrary: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20063017_ITM